On June 5th, 1863, there was a grand review of the forces for the ladies and gentlemen of the Confederacy.  “The review occurred late in the afternoon, and as a grand finale, the units charged past the people assembled on and around the knoll with a final salute.  The horsemen moved from west to east, with the spectators facing north.”[1]  Stuart had organized this review of over ten-thousand cavalry men and even invited some infantry men into the occasion and Stuart, himself, was atop the hill with the people and looked as fine as ever.  “He was superbly mounted and his side arms gleamed in the morning sun like burnished silver.  A long black ostrich plume waved gracefully from a black slouch hat cocked up on one side, held with a golden clasp.”[2]  But upon the review of his cavalry, the one person that he wanted to be there was missing: General Lee.  He was later informed at one of the balls he attended that Lee would be present at a proper review a few days later.  At this proper military review, Lee was greatly pleased with what he saw.  He would later write to his wife about what he saw on that day.  “I reviewed the cavalry in this section…It was a splendid sight.  The men and horses looked well.  They have recuperated since last fall.  Stuart was in all his glory.”[3]  Stuart in his glory was dressed as he was before but his horse wore a wreath of flowers which was a gift from the previous review.  Lee chuckled at the look of it and gave a warning.  “Take care, General, that is the way General Pope’s horse was adorned when he went to the Battle of Second Manassas.”[4]  During this entire endeavor, Generals Pleasonton and Buford were watching from Beverly’s Ford planning their attack which would come a few days later.
              The main area of contention of the Battle of Brandy Station was Fleetwood Hill where Stuart was placed during the reviews.  Pleasonton later felt that their presence was known and actions anticipated due to the splashing of Buford’s men around 4:00 a.m. and fearing that they would be pushed back because of heavy losses sent a message to Hooker.  “12:30 p.m.(received 3:20 p.m.) General Gregg has joined me, and I will not attack the enemy vigorously with my whole force…I would be well to send a good force of the Fifth corps toward Brandy Station, if it can be spared.”[5]  This battle is considered the largest cavalry battle during the whole war and through a day of fighting, Stuart pulled back and cancelled any raid that he planned to make.  “We captured Stuart’s camp, with his orders, letters, &c.  He was to move to Maryland with 12,000 cavalry and twenty-five guns, and he was camped at the ford we crossed…The enemy lost very heavily.”[6]  And from this point forward, the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac would not be underestimated. 
              Upon reports to Washington about the attack at Brandy Station, most of the praise went to Pleasonton but all that was shown was a lack of interest from Halleck.  And upon sending an uproarious report praising the cavalry, it seemed as though both Lincoln and Halleck seemed to ignore the engagement.  “I dispatched General Pleasonton to attack him on his own ground…This, in the face of vastly superior numbers, was only accomplished by hard and desperate fighting by our cavalry, for which they deserve much credit.  Their morale is splendid.  They made many hand-to-hand combats, always driving the enemy before them.”[7]  The reports sent back to him later on in the day not only ignored what was sent earlier that day, but accosted Hooker for not moving fast enough against an enemy that has crossed the Rappahannock River.  Small bits of information started to pour in on the enemy found in small forces all around the north of Virginia especially Winchester.  A correspondence from Lincoln questioned whether or not Hooker’s reconnaissance found anything in or around the vicinity of that city.  “Do you consider it possible that 15,000 of Ewell’s men can now be at Winchester?”[8]  Hooker’s reaction to the many reports coming in about enemy movement was as professional as he could be.  Researching them himself he discovered something that the President and his staff may not have considered.  “Hooker pointed out to Lincoln that his information service was not equipped to cover country as far afield as that where the enemy was operating.”[9]  Hooker was attaining information as best as he could at the time, especially for the man who had created such a great system of internal information during the war.  Through a strict communication between his own corps and division commanders, he found many positions of the Confederate army and the movements they were making.  “Major General Hancock reports that the rebel forces about Fredericksburg have moved in the direction of Culpepper this morning.”[10]  He also, in the most professional sense, keeps the high command informed about his own movements and in that same report also states where the moving parts of the army had gone to.  At Fairfax Station, Hooker will follow the movements of the enemy closely along with corresponding with information that the high command receives.  Every day, he reports his movements and information to the President and sometimes General Halleck as he would be expected to do.  However, the lack of reports to the General-in-Chief only fueled some of the anger between the two as Hooker only reports to Lincoln.

[1] Kunstler, Mort.  “The Civil War Paintings of Mort Kunstler Volume II: Fredericksburg to Gettysburg.”  Pg. 215.
[2] Burke, Davis.  “JEB Stuart, The Last Cavalier.” Pg. 304.
[3] Ibid, Pg. 305.
[4] Ibid, Pg. 305.
[5] Official Records of the War of the Rebellion Union and Confederate Armies Series I, Volume 27, Part 1. Pg. 903.
[6] Ibid, Pg. 904.
[7] Ibid.  Pg. 36.
[8][8] Ibd, Pg. 38.
[9] Fischel, Edwin C. “The Secret War for the Union: The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War.” Pg. 456.
[10] Official Records of the War of the Rebellion Union and Confederate Armies Series I, Volume 27, Part 1.  Pg. 41

Part 1

            Joseph Hooker, commander of the Army of the Potomac in June of 1863, sat at his desk under a damp tent scrawling out his resignation to the General-in-Chief.  He pondered his administration’s achievements and failures and came to a realization that one greatly outweighed the other.  His work with spy networking supplied the capitol with more information than any other commander; the network worked with a very low capture rate.  He had re-organized the cavalry into their own corps and used them to his advantage in reconnaissance while using some of the cavalry in the spy network.  And he had also spent a great amount of time training the troops in drills that they were unfamiliar in, especially in the display of the Battle of Fredericksburg.  But as he saw there thinking of all the good, the failure weighed upon his head: Chancellorsville.  Henry Halleck was not a forgiving man, and neither would you want that in a leader organizing a whole army, but he had been harassing Hooker long enough that it pushed him to resignation.  As he signed his letter, he seemed bothered by Lincoln’s inaction between the two allowing Hooker and Halleck to butt each other’s heads off like dogs on this damp day.  Hooker’s aide approached the tent, saluted the general, and handed him a message.  With a heavy heart, fearing a harassing message from the high command, he opened it to find a report from General Buford and his position in Pennsylvania.  Hoping to end his tenure as commander on a high note, he added the information provided to him in his resignation, folded it and gave it to his aide.  Along with the note were strict orders to forward it to the war department immediately.  All he had to do now was wait for his replacement and hope Buford would find something in Pennsylvania.

            Ever since the engagement at Brandy Station in Culpepper County, Virginia, Hooker was absolute in his assumption that General Lee was making his way toward the north.  “Prisoners and deserters brought in here state that Stuart is preparing a column of from 15,000 to 20,000 men, cavalry and artillery, for a raid.  They say it will be ready in two or three days.”[1]  Upon hearing this news, the high command especially the President, was both excited and wary of the news.  “…in case you find Lee coming to the north of the Rappahannock, I would by no means cross to the south of it…If Lee would come to my side of the river, I would keep on the same side…But these are mere suggestions, which I desire to be controlled by the judgment of yourself and General Halleck.”[2]  Halleck, in agreement with Lincoln, writes to Hooker stating more in depth matters of defense of Washington and Harper’s Ferry.  There was a concern that Lee would be moving towards Pennsylvania and Maryland, but it was nothing compared to the concern of Washington’s defense.  “Neither this capital nor Harper’s Ferry could long hold on against a large force…Lee will probably move light and rapidly.  You movable force should be prepared to do the same.”[3]  As these reports flowed in and out of the war department, there was very little worry that the Confederates would find their way into Pennsylvania.  As Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia found their way into Maryland the previous year and failed, the worry was very thin.  The raid near Culpepper country was coming soon and Hooker used his cavalry as a reconnaissance to ascertain the reason for the raid.  What they found was nothing more than a review of J.E.B. Stuart’s corps.

[1] Hooker, Joseph.  “Official Records of the War of the Rebellion Union and Confederate Armies.  Series I, Volume 27, Part 1.  Pg. 31.
[2] Ibid, Pg. 31.
[3] Ibid, Pg. 32.